Symptoms and signs of diabetes sugar

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease in which an increase in blood glucose content is observed.When they digest food, carbohydrates and proteins decompose to simple sugars and amino acids.The liver converts all the sugar and some of the glucose amino acids, which is used as a source of energy with every body of the body.Glucose enters blood into the cells with insulin, hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear -shaped organ located under the stomach).By attacking the receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the progress of the proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are connected to glucose and transport it to the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs several interference: the production of insulin with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body can be unable to respond effectively to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: diabetes of the first type or "insulin -dentine" and diabetes of the second type or "insulin -dependent". In the first type of diabetes, also known as youth diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes suddenly develops and is often found in people under the age of 30;The average age of its beginning of its development is between 12 and 14 years.However, the first type diabetes is only about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of pancreatic insulin is only slightly reduced, but the cells are unable to respond effectively to insulin, therefore this disease is considered as insulin resistance.The diabetes of the second type usually begins capable and affects people over the age of 40 and above all full people, one of the risk factors is over the age of 50.Occasionally in adults, the first type diabetes can be observed.

The main causes of diabetes development are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, excess of food (read - overload the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, jam, cake, chocolate and more), animal fats, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus can occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including drugs).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycaemia leads to the release of glucose in the urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with the first type diabetes is prescribed, the incorrect quantity of insulin is prescribed, the excessive expulsion of fatty acids with adipose tissue will lead to the overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a threatening condition for life known as diabetic ketoacitosis.The diabetic ketocytosis is sometimes found in patients with second type diabetes during periods when the body suffers strong tension, for example during a serious infectious disease.

People with second type diabetes are susceptible to another disease that threatens life, known as a non -refusion hyperosmotic state, characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels.This disease is usually found in the elderly with any other serious disease.An attack of diabetic ketacitosis or a hyperhosmotic state can be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar in the blood (hypoglycaemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, for example, visual damage, renal damage and degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy).Rigorous control over blood glucose content can retain or prevent the appearance of these complications.The loss of the touch in the legs can lead to the fact that the damage will remain without attention and an infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs can they say they have diabetes or indicate that there is a danger of presence?

• Excessive and frequent urination (about every hour).Awakening at night to urinate.In order to get rid of excess sugar, the body emits it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong or greater need to drink many liquids.It is caused by the fact that the glucose level increases in the blood, that it "removes" the fluid from the tissues, the tissue is dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Itching of the skin and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Bad healing of wounds.
• Initially, a great weight, subsequently reducing it due to a violation of food absorption, in particular of carbohydrates.
• Reduction of immunity: frequent infections from trivial influence and cold to pneumonia.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: due to forced hunger in the short term or after intense physical activity, headache, pale, praise sweat and general weakness.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least a cup of sweet tea, all the symptoms pass quickly.In indirectly, this can indicate a pancreas malfunction: insulin has entered the blood more than usual and the sugar level has decreased below the level 3-3.5 units allowed.
• Increase in appetite.
• Unintected weight loss.
• Poor vision.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or constant infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling in the legs and hands.
• Signs of hypoglycaemia.
• Strong symptoms of a hyperhosmotic non -monetary state: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, lack of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes long before diagnosis.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, whose occurrence leads to an increase in blood sugar:

The skin gradually becomes dry, wrinkled, palms and cursed soles, peel, thickened nails, dry and fragile hair, at the ends are growing and disappears completely, on the skin, due to a decrease in general immunity, pustling eruptions, bubbles, carbunels, relapses, appear on the need to test blood sugar in the patient.Often the skin is influenced by mushrooms, eczema, lichen.

1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders: the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, the memory decreases (the brain vessels suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in the vessels bloody by the bottom (retinopathy), reduction of vision;
3. Reduction of renal function (nephropathy, pyelonefritite);
4. Diabetic foot ("legs in the cold burning and crushing of the heat" - a violation of the blood supply in the lower limbs);
5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the injury of the gums: periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums and the teeth begin to mix, sometimes leaving their legal places painless.
7. Diabetes Mellito affects the glands of internal secretion.Men lose interest in women, are reduced not only by libido, but also to power.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it happens that menstruation disappear completely.

That's why diabetes mellitus is called endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesion, characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antiabet, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes itself (explicit) are distinguished.The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and serious gravity.

With pre -antiabet, hidden diabetes and mild diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and serious forms - a condition necessary for the successful treatment and for maintaining an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more sensitive to the narrowing of coronary arteries and the narrowing of the blood vessels that provide the brain and legs.The combination of infectious diseases of the legs and reduce the supply of blood can lead to the gangrene (death of the tissue), which requires amputation.

The treatment of the first type diabetes requires one to four daily insulin injections.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, since digestive juices destroy it.) Furthermore, it is necessary to observe a diet and do exercises so that the blood glucose levels are not too high or too low.For second type diabetes, a combination of diet, exercises and weight loss can be used, although medicines (including insulin) are generally necessary.The treatment largely depends on the car -contollo.Although there is no means to treat diabetes, almost all patients are able to control symptoms and lead a full life.

• The first type diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs following an incorrect attack of the immune system on pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With the diabetes of the second pond, genetic factors are important.
• Excessive completeness makes people predisposed to the development of second type diabetes.
• Some drugs, such as diuretic corticosteroids or thiazids, may increase the risk of developing second type diabetes.
• Other diseases, such as emocromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing or acromegaly syndrome, can lead to diabetes.Pancreas surgical removal can also cause diabetes.
• Pregnant women can develop diabetes, which usually disappears after childbirth.These women are at risk of developing second type diabetes in the future.
• Contrary to existing opinion, the use of a large amount of dessert does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The caloric content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, desserts, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruit are complex carbohydrates (with the exception of bananas, grapes, watermelon) and their consumption is allowed within normal limits.Sea fruits are useful due to the well -acquired high quality proteins and minerals contained in them, in particular zinc, the component necessary for the production of insulin.The beans in the zinc content, so necessary for patients with diabetes, and copper is a sample between vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of concomitant atherosclerosis with a violation of the heart rhythm - restores the normal rhythm!

We recommend eating 3-4 times a day.Among meals, the water drink.It should be limited by the daily intake of sodium salt up to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats - to 50 g, in addition to reducing the consumption of dairy products - Caseari with a high fat content (cheeses, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, sausages, smoked spots, chocolate, cakes, harva, caviar, brain and tank top leather.

Prevention

• To avoid the development of second type diabetes, it is necessary to lose weight if the weight exceeds the norm of over 20 percent and maintain normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no well known way to prevent the first type diabetes.
• People with any type of diabetes must regularly undergo an eye examination for early diagnosis and treatment of visual compromise diabetes.

Diagnostics

• Medical history and physical examination can give a basis for taking the presence of the disease.
• The diagnosis can be carried out if a blood test on an empty stomach shows high levels of glucose (126 mg/dl or higher) at least twenty times.
• When the test results are ambiguous, it is possible to carry out a sample on glucose tolerance.The patient drinks a drink containing 75 g of glucose, therefore the blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine the protein content.
• Measure blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average content of glucose in the blood in the last two or three months.

For the first type diabetes:

• Daily insulin injections are needed.It takes from one to four daily injections to control the level of glucose in the blood.There are long action drugs and quick action and are often prescribed in a combination.
• A rigorous diet and a meal program are needed to maintain the desired level of glucose in the blood.The doctor may recommend food with low fat, salt and cholesterol and can advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• Since both physical exercises and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercises and the introduction of insulin should be designed in such a way that their effect is not applied and do not cause a dangerous reduction in blood sugar (hypoglycaemia).
• A rigorous program of injection, nutrition and execution of exercises for adequate control of the disease is required.

For second type diabetes:

• To control the weight, the use of low -fat and low calorie -content in combination with the correct performance of the exercises is required.
• The drugs taken as orally can be explained to increase the production of insulin pancreas, if the exercises and the diet do not suffer enough blood sugar.
• Other oral drugs can reduce insulin resistance or slow down the absorption of sugar from the intestine.
• Insulin injections can be necessary for strong attacks of the second type of diabetes or if a patient with second type diabetes has any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood exams are needed to measure glucose levels, one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).The doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Particular attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis, since it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, they need to eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and take high blood pressure or high cholesterol drugs.
• People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water when they get sick with another disease, for example the flu, to fill the lost liquid and prevent the diabetic coma.During the illness, people with first type diabetes should control the urine for Keton bodies every 4-6 hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.The damage to the nerves in diabetes reduces the sensitivity of the legs and small damage can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent breaks of small blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or treat diabetic retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes should control eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first events of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the process of filtering artificial blood, may be necessary for kidney failure.In serious cases, a kidney transplant may be requested,
• The clear control of the blood glucose level maintains or prevents subsequent complications that affect the eyes, the kidneys and the nervous system.
• Renal damage can be slowed down when controlling blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact the doctor if you notice a sudden or gradual increase in a sense of hunger, thirsty or increases the amount of urine produced.
• Contact the doctor if you are sick of diabetes and at the same time he fell ill with a nose or an influence that Cola, who has put out the blood sugar levels out of control.Do not use medicine sold without prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a patient with diabetes loses knowledge.Of 'to the doctor that a person is sick of diabetes.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if there are symptoms of a hyper -Mohin's non -brown state;They include serious thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of diabetic ketacitosis;They include the dry mouth, dried and red skin, sweet or with an aroma of fruit smell from the mouth, difficulty in breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive and serious thirsty urination (or without).
• Attention!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and the measures prescribed by the doctor are in the urine, it does not help to cope with the problem.